eMedExpert Home > Medications Facts > Fluoxetine (Prozac)

In the early 1970s, evidence of the role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) in depression began to emerge and the hypothesis that enhancing 5-HT neurotransmission would be a viable mechanism to mediate antidepressant response was put forward.

On the basis of this hypothesis, efforts to develop agents that inhibit the uptake of 5-HT from the synaptic cleft were initiated. These studies led to the discovery and development of the selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac; Eli Lilly), which was approved for the treatment of depression by the US FDA in 1987.

In late 1971 Bryan Molloy in Lilly synthesized a range of new compounds, a group of phenoxyphenyl-propylamines from diphenhydramine, an antihistamine found to inhibit reuptake of the neurotransmitter "serotonin". One of these compounds, Lilly-110140 (later in 1975 called fluoxetine), was found to be highly selective, affecting only the neurotransmitter serotonin. As the chemist who synthesized the new series of compounds, Molloy was in this literal sense Prozac’s creator. Years of development and testing finally led to approval of fluoxetine hydrochloride for marketing.

In 1976 Eli Lilly begins clinical trials of fluoxetine. In 1983 Lilly applied to U.S. FDA for approval to sell Prozac for treatment of depression. Fluoxetine was initially approved for treatment of depression in Belgium in 1986, and then Eli Lilly's Prozac was approved by the FDA on December 29, 1987 and introduced in the United States at the beginning of 1988. Prozac was the first of a new class of drugs, called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), to be approved for use in the United States.

• Major depressive disorder
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Bulimia nervosa (binge-eating and vomiting behaviors in patients with moderate to severe bulimia nervosa)
• Panic disorder
• Premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

• Migraine headaches 10, 11
• Chronic daily headache 16
• Fibromyalgia 12, 13
• Alcoholism 14
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD/ADD) 15
• Tourette's Syndrome 17
• Premature ejaculation 18
• Discontinuation of other SSRIs and Effexor (venlafaxine)
• Smoking cessation 20
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) 21
• Pain syndromes (low back pain) 22
• Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents 23
• Hot flashes 24

Fluoxetine for Migraine headaches
Fluoxetine may be useful medication for patients who cannot use standard prophylactic agents or if other agents fail. It is also a good choice for persons with concomitant depression or other illness treatable with SSRI. Three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies showed a decrease in the frequency and severity of migraine headaches with fluoxetine therapy. Daily dosages of fluoxetine ranged from 20 to 40 mg in these studies 10, 11.

Fluoxetine for Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is the most common rheumatic cause of chronic pain. Most commonly prescribed medications are tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs, muscle relaxants, simple analgesics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

In randomized placebo-controlled study women who received fluoxetine had significant improvement in pain, fatigue and depression compared with those who received placebo. In this study fluoxetine was generally well tolerated 12.

Crossover, placebo-controlled trial comparing fluoxetine (20 mg daily) and amitriptyline (25 mg daily) demonstrated significant improvement in global well-being, pain, and sleep for each medication alone. Further improvement in efficacy and in fatigue and feeling refreshed upon awakening occured when two medications were used in combination 13.

Premature ejaculation
Fluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine have been found to increase the latent period of intravaginal ejaculation and therefore to be beneficial in patients who prematurely ejaculate.

Prozac (Fluoxetine) may be an appropriate antidepressant choice in persons with hypersomnia or psychomotor retardation, who are poorly compliant with medications. This medication should probably be avoided in persons with concomitant anxiety, panic, and agitation.

• Advantages:
• may have advantages over other SSRIs in patients who are poorly compliant with treatment 3 (missing dose unlikely to cause problems)
• safety in overdose, relatively mild toxic effects even in children 25, 26
• mild withdrawal symptoms 8
• low potential for weight gain 9
• the only SSRI approved by FDA for use in children 8 years of age and older
• associated with the lowest risk of suicide 28
• Disadvantages:
• delay in onset of action, not suitable for patients in whom a rapid antidepressant effect is important or for those who are agitated 3
• less effective than sertraline (Zoloft), mirtazapine (Remeron), and venlafaxine (Effexor) for depression 4
• activating (insomnia, agitation, tremor and anxiety) and gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea) adverse effects are higher than with other antidepressants 5
• not the best drug for people with diabetes
• more likely to interact with other drugs than some of the other SSRI's (sertraline, citalopram, escitalopram)
• long wash out period may be required when switching to another antidepressant
• long half-life and non-linear pharmacokinetics make dose titration more difficult
• decreases sleep quality
• sexual dysfunction, according to the prospective multicenter study the incidence of fluoxetine-induced SD is about 58% 19

The antidepressant, antiobsessional, and antibulimic effects of fluoxetine are thought to be related to its effects on serotonergic neurotransmission. Fluoxetine is a potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin (5-HT) uptake, but not of norepinephrine or dopamine uptake, in the central nervous system (CNS). In depressed patients who had received 40 to 60 mg per day of fluoxetine for 6 weeks, the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of the metabolites of 5-HT (5-HIAA), dopamine (HVA), and norepinephrine (HMPG) were reduced by 46%, 14%, and 18%, respectively. Because uptake inactivates serotonin by removing it from the synaptic cleft, uptake inhibition by fluoxetine enhances serotonergic function. As a consequence, the 5-HT 1 receptors are desensitized or downregulated after long-term fluoxetine administration. Fluoxetine does not interact directly with postsynaptic serotonin receptors, muscarinic-cholinergic receptors, histaminergic receptors, or alpha-adrenergic receptors. It does not appear to cause downregulation of postsynaptic beta-adrenergic receptors or a decrease in beta-adrenergic–stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generation as do older antidepressant medications.

Fluoxetine is an atypical SSRI. Studies have shown that plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine levels are significantly increased after acute and chronic treatment with fluoxetine 7.

The body eliminates fluoxetine very slowly. The half-life of fluoxetine after a single dose is 2 days and after multiple dosing 4 days. The liver then metabolizes fluoxetine into norfluoxetine, a desmethyl metabolite, which is also a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Norfluoxetine has an even longer half-life, i.e. 8.6 and 9.3 days for single and repeated dosage respectively.

Because of the long half-lives of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, it may take up to 1 to 2 months for the active drug substance to disappear from the body. There are no effective methods known to enhance the elimination of fluoxetine.

Because of the long time it takes for fluoxetine to reach a steady state (4-5 weeks), full therapeutic effect may be delayed until 4 or 6 weeks of treatment. The lack of onset of response at 4-6 weeks is associated with about a 73%-88% chance that patient would not have an onset of response by 8 weeks 27.

After treatment with fluoxetine, abrupt cessation of the drug may produce discontinuation (withdrawal) reactions. Fluoxetine discontinuation symptoms include:

• dysphoric mood
• irritability
• fatigue
• weakness
• agitation
• dizziness
• sensory disturbances (paresthesias such as electric shock sensations)
• anxiety
• confusion
• headache
• lethargy
• emotional lability
• insomnia
• hypomania
• nausea and vomiting

Although fluoxetine has not been shown to alter alcohol metabolism and does not appear to potentiate cognitive or psychomotor effects of alcohol in healthy subjects, concomitant use is not recommended.

• Fluoxetine (Prozac) versus Other Medications

• 1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Fluoxetine U.S. Prescribing Information.
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